TAMER NAWAR

 Below you'll find some resources for logic, philosophy of language & mind & metaphysics, and the history of philosophy (from antiquity to the twentieth century).

Logic

Introduction to Logic: Truth-Functional Logic, First-Order Logic 

• USC Logic Web: nicely presented, free online resource by Gabriel Uzquiano, Bryan Roberts, and Maegan Fairchild. 

• forall x: an excellent open access introductory textbook by P.D. Magnus available in PDF format.

This text has been modified and expanded in order to meet needs of other logic courses and so there are various versions or so-called 'remixes':

• forall x (Cambridge) [modification and expansion of P.D. Magnus's original text by Tim Button] (recommended)

• forall x (Lorain County) [modification and expansion of P.D. Magnus's original text by J. Robert Loftis]

• forall x (Calgary) [modification and expansion of P.D. Magnus's original text by R. Zach and A. Thomas-Bolduc]

Topics in Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of Mind, and Metaphysics

• Papers by David Lewis, maintained by Andrew Bailey 

• Papers by David Kaplan, maintained by Andrew Bailey

• Link: M. Reimer & E. Michaelson, 'Reference', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 

• Link: S. Cumming, 'Names', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

• Link: G. Fitch & M. Nelson, 'Singular Propositions', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

• Link: J. LaPorte, 'Rigid Designators', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

• Link: D. Braun, 'Indexicals', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

• Link: C. Menzel, 'Possible Worlds', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

• Link: P. Mackie & M. Jago, 'Transworld Identity', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

• Link: S. Cowling, 'Haecceitism', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

• Link: K. Korta & J. Perry, 'Pragmatics', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

• Link: K. Glüer & A. Wikforss, 'The Normativity of Meaning and Content', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

History of Philosophy

Presocratics

• • Ionian Philosophy: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes

    •  Fragments [texts]

  • Xenophanes

    • Fragments [texts]

  • Heraclitus

    • Fragments [texts]

    • Commentary, Kirk, Raven & Schofield, The Presocratic Philosophers (second edition), pp. 184-191 (purchase the book here)

  • Parmenides

    • Fragments [texts]

    • Parmenides fragments 1-8, Kirk, Raven & Schofield, The Presocratic Philosophers (second edition), pp. 245-253 [fragments, commentary] (purchase the book here) [NB: the Greek text of Fr. 8]

  • Zeno of Elea

    • Fragments [texts]

    • Zeno's Dichotomy Paradox, a YouTube video 

  • Anaxagoras

    • Fragments [texts]

  • Empedocles

    • Fragments [texts]

  • Leucippus and Democritus

    • Fragments [texts]

  • Protagoras

    • Fragments [texts]

Plato

• The Allegory of the Cave (Links)

  •  a YouTube video by 8-bit philosophy; another YouTube video, by Learnoutloud; and a video by PhilosophyBro. More Allegory of the Cave videos (by openculture.com), including: an animated version narrated by Orson Welles; and a video using clay models.

Aristotle

• The Sea Battle; Aristotle on Fatalism [texts]

• Link: A. Falcon, 'Aristotle on Causality', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

• Link: T. Ainsworth, 'Form vs. Matter', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Diodorus Cronus

• The Master Argument, Modality, and Conditionals [texts]

• Link: S. Bobzien, 'The Dialectical School', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

The Epicureans

• Fear of Death [texts]

The Stoics

• Virtue, Value, Emotions, etc. [selection of texts] 

• Cicero's De Fato [texts]

Augustine

• On Free Choice (De Libero Arbitrio) extracts [texts]

• Augustine's works (in Latin, Italian, Spanish, and various other languages) [texts]

• Augustine: texts and translations [list of resources, put together by J. J. O'Donnell]

• Augustine's Confessions, Latin text with commentary by J. J. O'Donnell

Boethius

• Consolation of Philosophy (Philosophiae Consolationis) [texts] (English translation, W. V. Cooper and J. M. Dent, revised by J. L. Spriggs)

al-Farabi

• Commentary on De Interpretatione [texts]

Anselm

• The Argument for God's Existence (Proslogion) [texts]

• Link: T. Williams, 'Saint Anselm', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

• Link: G. Oppy, 'Ontological Arguments', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Peter Abelard

• Historia Calamitatum (Story of Troubles) [texts]

• Metaphysics and Language

Thomas Aquinas

• Arguments for God's Existence (including the so-called 'Five Ways') (Summa Theologiae; Summa Contra Gentiles) [texts] 

• The Beginning of Created Things (Summa Theologiae) [texts]

• God's Providence (Summa Theologiae) [texts]

• Aquinas Summa Theologiae , Summa contra Gentiles, and other Works [texts] (side-by-side, Latin and English, maintained by the Aquinas Institute)

William Ockham

• Quodlibetal Questions (selections) [texts] 

• Tractatus de Praedestinatione et de Praescientia Dei et de Futuris Contingentibus  (selections) [texts]

Jean Buridan

• Some Sophisms (Summulae de Dialectica) [texts]

Hume

• The Argument to Design (Dialogues concerning Natural Religion) [texts]

• Miracles (An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding) [texts]

  • Link (further reading): P. Dawid & D. Gillies (1989), ‘A Bayesian Analysis of Hume's Argument Concerning Miracles’, Philosophical Quarterly.

Frege

• extracts (Letters) [texts]

• Link: E. N. Zalta, 'Gottlob Frege', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Wittgenstein

• Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (side-by-side editions maintained and created by Kevin Klement) 

  • Graphical representation of the structure of the Tractatus (Wikimedia Commons) [copy]

  • Nested Tractatus

• Philosophische Untersuchungen (online text)